A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review Essay

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) is a essential operateering or weed that is endemic in the Philippines and different tropical countries. It is a popular herb especially for its healing properties including antidiarrhetic, antigastralgic, expectorant, stomachic, and spas molytic, among others. Aside from these, sambong is also popular for being emmenagogues, or for stimulating menstruation or the blood flow in the pelvic bea and uterus. As cure for menstrual cramps, the sambong leaves ar turn to create a sambong teatime, which is then consumed by the patient. Aside from easing the dreaded cramps by facilitating menstruation, sambong also helps in cleaning the kidneys. The go down is actually especially cognize as a natural cleansing herb. Since the sow is emmenagogues, drinking the sambong tea is not advisable to pregnant women as sound as women who wanted to be pregnant. Moreover, drinking sambong should also be regulated because it also has hallucinogenic sum when excess ively consumed Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), also known as sambong, has been utilise as medicine for thousands of years in southernmosteast Asia countries, such as China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines. Sambong is the most important fellow member of the genus Blumea and is an indigenous herb oftropical and subtropical Asia, especially in China.This plant grows on forest edges, at a lower place forests, riverbeds, valleys and grasses 4,5. In China, it is generally a common apply herb in the aras south of theYangtze River, such as Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangdong provinces and Taiwan 68.B. balsamifera is comm sole(prenominal) called Ainaxiang and Dafengai in Chinese and used as incensebecause it has a spicy level of indispensable oils 9. It was originally recorded in Bei Ji Qian Jin YaoFang in 652 by Sun Simiao. The whole plant or its leaves were used as a crude Chinese traditional medicinal material to treat eczema, dermatitis, beriberi, lumba go, menorrhagia, rheumatism, skininjury, and as an insecticide 10. Bing Pian and Aipian ar 2 important traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) citeed from plants and confuse been used as nonpareil in prescriptions for centuries in China. Both of them mainly contain borneol and are similar in efficacy 11. They are synonymous in the Chinesepharmaceutical labor nowadays. Before 2010, sambong was sensation of the most important plant sources for Bing Pian, further since 2010, the Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Re overt of China records B. balsamifera as the only plant source for Aipian 11, with a consistent efficacy with B.balsamifera medicinal materials, which could induce resuscitation, clear heat, and relieve pain.Recently, call downs of its leaves have been verified do display various unfermented physiological activities, such as antitumor , antifungal 13,15, radical-scavenging 16, and anti-obesity properties . The main active compound is L-borneol, which was characterized by a game gear volatility. Besides, all-important(a) oils, flavonoids, and terpenoids with several different biological activities were also reported . These studies could justify why this plant has multiple pharmacological set up. In this review, botanical descriptions, herbal authentications, and phytochemical constituents of B. balsamifera are covered. In addition, the previous in vitro and in vivo studies conducted on its biological activities are reviewed, concentrating on antitumor, hepatoprotective, superoxide radical scavenging, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, antiplasmodial, antityrosinase, platelet aggregation, wound healing, anti-obesity, disease and insect resistant activities as well as enhancing percutaneous penetration.Sambong is a half woody, strongly aromatic shrub, densely and softly hairy, 1 to 4 meters high. Stems grow up to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, elliptic- to oblong-lanceolate, 7 to 20 centimeters long, tooth ed at the margins, pointed or crude(a) at the tip, compacting to a short petiole which are often auricled or appendaged. Flowering tosss are stalked, yellow and numerous, 6 to 7 millimeters long, and borne on branches of a terminal, spreading or pyramidal pitchy panicle. Discoid flowers are of two types peripheral ones tiny, more numerous, with tubular corolla central flowers few, large with campanulate corolla. Involucral bracts are green, narrow and hairy. Anther cells tailed at base. Fruits are achenes, dry, 1-seeded, 10-ribbed, hairy at top. Considered anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, antigastralgic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stomachic, and vulnerary.Leaves used a flavoring ingredient.Folkloric Leaves as poultice for abscesses. Decoction of roots and leaves for fevers, kidney stones, and cystitis. Decoction of leaves used to generate diuresis for purpose of treating kidney stones. Sitz-bath of faged leaves, viosterol gms to a gallon of water, for rheumatic pains of waist and back. Used in upper and lower respiratory tract affections like sinusitis, bronchial asthmatic bronchitis, influenza. employ era hot over the sinuses. Used for wounds and cuts. Fresh juice of leaves to wounds and cuts. Poultice of leaves use to the forehead for relief of headaches. Tea is used for colds and as an expectorant likewise, has antispasmodic and antidiarrheal benefits. Postpartum baths. In Vietnam, decoction of fresh leaves used for cough and influenza or as inhalation of vapour from change state of leaves. Poultices of pounded leaves applied to hemorrhoids an alcoholic emaciation used as liniment for rheumatism. 3% ethanol solution used to soothe itching. In Thailand, desiccated leaves are chopped, made into cigarettes and smoked for treating sinusitis. For fever, leaves boiled and when lukewarm used as sponge bath. Decoction of roots used for fever. Decoction of leaves, 50 gms to a pint of boiling water, 4 glasses daily, for stomach pains. In SE Asia wide used for various women problems. Postpartum, leaves are used in hot fomentation over the uterus to induce rapid involution. Also used for menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding and leucorrhea. Roots used for menorrhagia. Decoction of roots and leaves used for rheumatism and arthritis also used for word of post-partum joint pains. Poultice of fresh leaves applied to affected joint. In Chinese and Thai medicine, leaves used for treatment of septic wounds and other infections. A sitz-bath of boiled leaves used in the treatment of lumbago and sciatica. In Chinese medicine, used as carminative, stimulant, vermifuge, expectorant, and sudorific.Preparations Fever decoction of roots boil 2 4 handfuls of the leaves. Use the lukewarm decoction as a sponge bath. Headaches apply pounded leaves on the forehead and temples. create in place with a clean piece of cloth. Gas distention boil 2 tsp of the chopped leaves in 1 cup of water for 5 min utes. Drink the decoction while warm. Also used for upset stomach. Postpartum, for mothers bath after childbirth. Boils Apply pounded leaves as poultice daily. Diuretic Boil 2 tbsp chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Take 1/2 of the decoction after every meal, 3 times a day. Reference Am J Chin Med. 200836(2)411-24. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering . 2005. 3, 3 195-2023. Biological Activities3.1. Antitumor ActivityHasegawa et al. verbaliseed a dihydroflavonol from B. balsamifera as a result of test among more than 150 plant materials 12. The dihydroflavonol components showed the most operative synergism with tumor associate apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). It enhanced the level of TRAIL-R2 promoter action at law and promoted the style of surface protein in a p53-independent manner. The ethanol extract of B. balsamifera leaves was tested on male mice to investigate its hepatoxicity. The results exhibited that the hepatic cells, sitplas m, nucleus, and sinusoid of the mice liver were damaged by dint of whatsoever(prenominal) changes in the liver color and texture . The wood alcohol extract of B. balsamifera inhibited the growth in rat and showed no cytotoxicity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The methanol extract decreased the expression of cyclin-E and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein resulting in cell cycle arrest.Likewise, it decreased the level of the proliferation related ligand (APRIL) 60,61. Moreover, the methanol extract of B. balsamifera was used to determine its cytotoxicity on a add-in of human lavcer cell lines by MTT assay. thither was no regular or acute cytotoxicity on the cells of HepG2, HCT-116, T-47D, NCl-H23 and CCD-18Co 62. Saewan et al. make six compounds out of nine stranded flavonoids to have cytotoxicity against KB, MCF-7, and NCI-H187 merchantmancer cell lines 14. These six compounds were measure outd for cytotoxicity against KB,MCF-7, and NCI-H187 cancer cell lines. Three compounds were active against the KB cells with the IC50 values of 17.09, 47.72, and 17.83 g/mL, respectively. Another three compounds exhibited a chequer natural action against the NCI-H187 cells with the IC50 values of 16.29, 29.97, and 20.59 g/mL. Luteolin-7- methyl radical ether showed a strong cytotoxicity against human lung cancer (NCI-H187) cell lines with an IC50 of 1.29 g/mL and a moderate toxicity against oral exam cavity cancer (KB) cell lines with an IC50 of 17.83 g/mL.Li et al. accept the antitumor action determined by means of 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay 13. The three endophytic streptomycetes strains of B. balsamifera, including YIM 56092, YIM 56093, and YIM 56099 exhibited anticancer performance. Yet, different strains displayed different antitumor activities. The YIM 56092 strain displayed a cytotoxic activity on polyketide synthases I (PKS-I) nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and P388D1. The YIM 560 93 strain displayed a cytotoxic activity on PKS-, NRPS, and P388D1. The YIM 56099 was on the PKS-I, PKS-II, and NRPS. Fuijimoto et al., extracted blumealactone A, B, and C from sambongs dried leaves and found them could inhibit the growth of Yoshida sarcoma at the concentration of 510 g/ml 54. Lee disclosed a medication combination including sambong (Ainaxiang) and found it could enhance the efficiency of curing hepatoma and pancreatic cancer treatments 63. Molecules 2014, 19 94623.5. Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammation ActivityOngsakul et al. claimed that the crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B. balsamifera displayed no significant antibacterial activity against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Esche privilegedia coli 73. However, the stain of B. balsamifera, including YIM 56092 and YIM 56093, displayed a significant activity against S. epidermidis, such that YIM 56099 was active against E. coli. There seems to be no antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, Klebsiel la pneumonia, and Candida albicans 13.Chenisolated dozen new compounds 9, four of which displayed inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 with the IC50 values of 40.06, 46.35, 57.80, and 59.44 g/mL, respectively. Sakee et al. reported the essential oil of B. balsamifera to have a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 150 g/mL and 1.2 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus, S. aureus and Candidaalbicans, respectively 74. Furthermore, the hexane extract inhibited Enterobacter cloacae and S. aureus. These results suggested that the extracts of B. balsamifera possessed an activity against certain kinds of pathogenic and toxin-producing microorganisms. It could emfly be utilized to prevent and treat microbial diseases. 3.6. Antiplasmodial ActivitiesAccording to the traditional efficacy of relieving fever, the methanol extract of B. balsamifera from Forest Research Institute Malaysia was investigated for any dominance antiplasmodial activity. The extracts of r oots and stems exhibited almost activity against Plasmodium falciparum D10 strain (sensitive strain) with an IC50 value of (26.25 2.47) g/mL and (7.75 0.35) g/mL, respectively 75.3.8. Platelet Aggregation ActivitiesThe concentration of 1.26 mol/L blu unionin displayed a significant promoting activity on the rat and human platelet aggregation caused by arachidonic vitriolic, 5-hydotypamice, and epinephrine. However, concentrations of 0.315 and 2.52 mol/L inhibited platelet aggregation. It suggested that the effect of blumeatin on the platelet aggregation were dependent upon the concentration used. The injection of B. balsamifera extracts decreased the blood pressure, expanded the blood vessels, and inhibited the sympathetic nervous system in order to address the high pressure and insomnia. The infusion of the plant also had the function of diuresis 67Mayana (Coeus blumei Benth.)Coleus leaves are commonly known as ati-ati leaves in Malaysia. forward study has shown that the Cole us leaves have high antioxidant activity and nutritional value. The present work is to investigate whether antioxidant, minerals and phenoplast content can be extracted by boiling the leaves in water. The antioxidant was determined by mixing the extract solution with DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) solution using different ratios. Acid ascorbic savage was used as stock(a) in measurement by Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer.Phenolic content was measured by Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer using Gallic acid as standard. There is about 40.77 wt % of antioxidantactivity, 6.256998 wt% of join phenolic resin content, and close to minerals (magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc) existing in solution after the Coleus blumei leaves were removed. The wt% of the phenolic content is directly proportional to the wt% of antioxidant activity. The mineral concentration, antioxidant activity and phenolic content seemed to be highly correlated. As a conclusion, it is proven that the Coleus blumei leaves have h igh potential value for the nutritional purpose.2.1 Definition of ColeusColeus is a advert which derives from an earlier classification under the genus name Coleus, species of which are currently included in either Solenostemon or another genus, Plectranthus. The word Coleus bring forth from the Greek koleus, meaning sheath. It is believed that there are 150 species of Coleus .It is a genus of imperishable plants, native to tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, the East Indies, the Malay Archipelago, and the Philippines. Many cultivars of the Southeast Asian species Coleus have been selected for their colorful variegated leaves, popularly with sharp contrast between the colors where the leaves are green, pink, yellow, maroon, and red. Typically, in Malaysia this plant known as ati-ati. The plants use up a well condition of in moist-drained soil to grow, and typically grow 0.5-1 m tall, though some may grow as tall as 2 meters.They are heat-tolerant, though they do slight well in f ull sun in subtropical areas than in the shade. The leaves of the green type are often eaten raw with bread and butter. The chopped leaves are also used as a substitute for sage (Salvia officinalis Linn.) in stuffing. C. aromaticus is used for seasoning meat dishes and in food products (Uphof, 1959) while a decoction of its leaves is administered in cases of chronic cough and asthma (CSIR, 1992). It is considered to be an antispasmodic, stimulant and stomachic and is used for the treatment of headache, fever, epilepsy and dyspepsia (Khory &Katrak, 1999 Morton, 1992). 2.2 AntioxidantAn antioxidant in food is really important as it can protect human body from cease radicals activity. It is also has capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. When electrons are transferred form a substance to an oxidizing actor, it called as oxidation reaction. Free radicals can be produced during the Oxidation reactions, where the start drawing string reactions that damage cel ls. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing release radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidize themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols or polyphenols. Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging hence, plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants, or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, causes oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells. As oxidative stress might be an important part of some(prenominal) human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively studied, especially as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However, it is unknown whether oxidative stress is the cause or the consequence of disease. Antioxidants are also widely u sed as ingredients in dietetical supplements in the hope of maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease. Although some studies have suggested antioxidant supplements have health benefits, other large clinical trials did not detect any benefit for the formulations tested, and excess supplementation may be harmful In addition to these uses in medicine, antioxidants have many industrial uses, such as preservatives in food and cosmetics and preventing the degradation of rubber and gasoline. Current research into free radicals has confirmed that foods rich in antioxidants play an essential affair in the taproom of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. As far as our literature survey could ascertain, antioxidant activities of this plant have not previously been published. Hence, the previous work investigated the assertable antioxidative effects of freeze-dried powder obtained from aqueous extract of fresh leaves of C. aromaticus.In this study, they had examined the antioxidant activity of CAE (C.aromaticus hydroalcoholic extract) employing various in vitro assay systems, such as the - carotene-linoleate model system, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl)/superoxide/ nitric oxide radical scavenging, reducing power and iron ion chelation, in order to understand the usefulness of this plant as a foodstuff as well as in medicine. 2.2.1 Antioxidant Assay using a -carotene-linoleate Model System On the previous experiment, the antioxidant activity of the extract was measured by the bl individuallying of-carotene. By adding CAE and BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) at various concentrations, it can prevent the bleaching of -carotene to different degrees. -Carotene in this model system undergoes rapid discoloration in the absence of an antioxidant. This is because of the coupled oxidation of -carotene and linoleic acid, which generates free radicals.The linoleic acid free radical, formed upon the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from o ne of its diallylic methylene groups, which attacks the highly unsaturated -carotene molecules. As a result, -carotene will be oxidized and broken down in part concomitantly, the system looses its chromophore and characteristic orange colour, which can be monitored spectrophotometrically. The figurehead of different antioxidants can hinder the extent of -carotene bleaching by neutralizing the linoleate free radical and other free radicals formed in the system (Jayaprakasha, Singh, & Sakariah, 2001).It also showed that the CAE was found to hinder the extent of -carotene bleaching by neutralizing the linoleate-free radical and other free radicals formed in the system. In comparison, the CAE showed an appreciable antioxidant activity of 83.0% at 250 g/ml, while BHT, a synthetic antioxidant had 89.6% antioxidant activity at nose candy g/ml. panel 2.1 Antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of C. aromaticus in -carotenelinoleate System Sample Concentration (g/ml) Antioxidant activity (%) Aqueous extract 125 53.2 1.04250 83.0 1.33500 91.3 1.41BHT 50 64.2 1.81100 89.6 1.52200 95.3 1.332.2.2 DPPH Radical-scavenging ActivityThe CAE showed a concentration-dependent antiradical activity by inhibiting DPPH radical with an EC50 value of 210 g/ml (Table 2). DPPH is usually used as a substrate to evaluate antioxidative activity of antioxidants (Oyaizu, 1986). The method is based on the reduction of methanolic DPPH solution in the figurehead of a hydrogen donating antioxidant, ascribable to the formation of the non-radical form DPPH-H by the reaction. The extract was able to tighten up the stable radical DPPH to the yellow-coloured diphenylpicrylhydrazine. It hasbeen found that cysteine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, polyhydroxy aromatic compounds (e.g., hydroquinone, pyrogallol, Gallic acid), and aromatic amines (e.g., p-phenylene diamine, p aminophenol), reduce and decolorise 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl by their hydrogen donating ability (Blois, di ttany of crete (Origanum vulgare L.) winter sweet (rgn) key, name for several herbs used for flavoring food.A plant of the family Labiatae (mint family),Origanum vulgare, also called Spanish thyme and wild marjoram, is the usual source for the spice sold as oregano in the Mediterranean countries and in the United States. Its flavor is similar to that of marjoram but slightly less sweet. In Spain and Italy many other Origanum species are also grown as oregano. A related herb ( Coleus amboinicius ) of the same family, called suganda in its native Indomalaysia, is known as oregano in the Philippines and Mexico, where it is a popular flavoring. Several other herbs also provide spices called oregano, e.g., species ofLippia and Lantana of the verbena family. In all cases the flavoring is made from the dried herbage. Oregano is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Lamiales, family Labiatae . every rights reserved. genus Origanum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and has a complex taxonomy 1. O. vulgare plays a ancient role among culinary herbs in conception trade 2. It is distributed all over Europe, West and Central Asia up to Taiwan 3. The use of O. vulgare as medicinal plant is believed to be due to biological properties of p-cymene and carvacrol. Bernth 4 has noted that there are intras- pecific taxa of oregano having no oregano character that is based on the presence of carvacrol. Oregano is the common name for a general aroma and flavour primarily derived from more than 60 plant species used all over the world as a spice 5. Four main groups of plants com- monly used for culinary purposes can be distinguished, i.e., Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) Spanish origano (Coridohymus capitatus (L.) 2 Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) and Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK 6.Origano is the commercialised name of those Origanum species that are rich in the phenolicmonoterpenoids, mainly carvacrol an d occasionally thymol 7. A number of chemically related compounds i.e. p-cymene -terpinene, carvacrol methyl ethers, thymol methyl ethers, carvacrol acetates and thymol acetates as well as p-cymenene, p-cy- men-8-ol, p-cymen-7-ol, thymoquinone, and thymohy- droquinone are present in the oil of Origanum vulgare which is extremely rich in essential oils (up to 7%) with carvacrol as a major constituent present in very high quantity (75% 95%), followed by p-cymene (4% 14%) and -terpinene (1% 10%). It seems possible that the uses of the plant in traditional medicine can be attributed to the known biological properties of p-cymene and car- vacrol 8. Many of the studies confirmed the medicinal effects of oregano for human health. The Origanum spe- cies, which are rich in essential oils, have been used for thousands of years as spices and as local medicines in traditional medicine 9.About 20 European public in- stitutions hold genetic resources of different species of oregano 10. Marjor am (Origanum vulgare L.) is one of medicinal aromatic plants found wholesale almost in all areas of Albania, which is a perennial plant usually grows in dry area in smaller groups. Oregano plants are collect- ed from natural habitats and used as raw materials in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry 11. But many countries start to cultivate it in different areas. In botanical aspects, the oregano populations differ from one to another, that is they interchange depending on the content and composition of essential oils 12.From the quantity and quality of essential oils the values of this plant were determined 11,12. The different results showed that the effects of oregano antioxidante are associated with high content of essential oils, thymol and carvacrols, and these are the main ingredients in oregano oil. The con- tents of Thymol and Carvacrol in oregano give it differ- ent properties 13. According to the studies, carvacrol is a powerful antiseptic agent, and provides p rotection against mold and other common bacteria. The main ob- jective in our study was to investigate the different re- gions and to find the variation for oil content in oregano plant populations. The research expedition was organized in 2012 in the whole territory of Albania. During this expedition are identified and collected 62 accessions.At each location were taken of the 50 samples which derived a main rep- resentativ sample. From the total samples collected, were selected 16 samples mostly widespread of natural popu- lations oforigano (Origanum vulgare L. sp. vulgare and sp. hirtum). Those samples you perform analyzes for content of oils and their components. The confirmation of 53 essential oil was made to analyses -Pinene, p- Cymene, -Terpinene, Linalool, Terpinene-4-ol, Thymol, Carvacrol dhe Caryophyllene oxide. The overground parts of the flowering plants (20 25 cm from the top) were collected during the summer of 2012. The plant material was air dried, packed in paper bags and unploughed in a dark and cool place until analysis. Plant identity was verified and voucher specimens were deposited at the Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Skopje.2.2. Essential Oil closing offEssential oil isolation from oregano was performed by hydro distillation in all-glass Clevenger apparatus fol- lowing this procedure 20 g of the plant material was stored in 500 mL flask where 250 mL of water R was used as distillation liquid and 0.5 mL of xylene R was added in the graduate tube. The distillate was per- formed for 2.5 h with a rate of 2 3 mL/min. GC and GC-MS analyses Agilent 7890 Gas Chro- matography system equipped with flame ionization de- tector (FID) and Agilent 5975C Mass Quadrupole detec- tor as well as capillary flow technology which enable simultaneous analysis of the sample on both detectors. HP-5 ms (30 m 0.25 mm, film ponderousness 0.25 m) cap- illary column was used. Operating conditions were as follows GC Method for essential oils ov en temperature 60C (0 min), 3C/min to 240C (held for 1 min) and 10C/min to 280C (held for 1 min) helium as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min injector T = 220C and FID T = 270C. 1 L of injection volume was injected at split ratio 11.The mass spectrometry conditions were ionization electric potential 70 eV, ion source temperature 230C, transfer line temperature 280C and mass range from 50 500 Da. The MS was operated in scan mode. GC Method for Head lay oven temperature 60C, 20C/min to 280C helium as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min injector T = 260C and FID T = 270C. 1000 L of injec- tion volume was injected at split ratio 11. The mass spectrometry conditions were ionization voltage 70 eV, ion source temperature 230C, transfer line temperature 280C and mass range from 50 500 Da. The MS was operated in scan mode. Head Space method Incubation Temperature 80C, Incubation quantify 5.00 mss, Syringe Temperature 85C, Agitator Speed 500 rpm, Fill Speed 500 l/s, Pullup mark 5 00 ms, Inject to GC, Injection speed 500 l/s, PreInject Delay 500 ms, Post Inject De- lay 500 ms, Flush Time (mss) 010, GC Run time (mss) 1000.Identification of the components Identification of the components was made by comparing mass spectra of components in essential oils with those from Nist, Wiley and Adams mass spectra libraries, by AMDIS (Auto- mated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification System) and by comparing literature and estimated Ko-vats (retention) indices that were determined using mix-ture of homologous series of normal alkanes from C9 to C25 in hexane, under the same above mentioned condi- tions. The percentage ratio of the components was com- puted by the normalization method of the GC/FID peak areas and average values were taken into further consid- eration (n = 3).2.3. Statistical Analyses all in all statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software (version 15.0, SPSS) 14. Means values and variation coefficients were used in the statistical an alyses. Effects of the studied traits were evaluated by ANOVA. In order to assess the specialty of plants of oregano based on all variables that were measured, the Canonical Discriminate Analyses (CDA) was appliedPsidium guajava ( guava bush)Chronic degenerative diseases have reached epidemic proportions in industrialized and maturation countries. Many studies have shown that plant can be helpful to prevent or treat diseases. Psidium guajava is a small medicinal tree that is native to South America and brazil-nut tree is among the worlds top producers and most of the countrys production is articled for the food industry. It is popularly known as true guava and has been used traditionally as a medicinal plant throughout the world for a number of ailments. The aim of this review is to present some chemical compounds in P. guajava and their pharmacological effects. The main constituents of guava leaves are phenolic compounds, isoflavonoids, gallic acid, catechin, epicathechin, rutin , naringenin, kaempferol. The take out is rich in ascorbic acid, carotenoids (lycopene, -carotene and -cryptoxanthin).The seeds,skin and barks possess glycosids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. All parts of the plant have been used for different purposes hepatoprotection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, analgesic, endothelial progenitor cells, anti-stomachache and anti-diarrhea. P. guajava has many effects on health and that it should be researched more extensively in clinical trials. Furthermore leaves, seeds and pare down are treated as wastes by the food processing industry and are di patsyded, so their use may reduce the disposal of these parts of guava as pollutants.Psidium guajava Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Cancer Diabetes Dys lipidemiaIndustrialization has led to many modifications in the lifestyle of the worlds populations, adult rise to increase the indices of several diseases, including chronic degene rative diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases, reducing the quality of life and increasing costs on hospitalizations, medications and other public health interventions.Studies have demonstrated that the consumption of fruits, vegetables and seeds can be helpful to prevent the risk factors of many diseases due to the bioactive compounds. Many plants have been used for the purpose of reducing risk factors associated with the occurrence of chronic disorders and for many other purposesPsidium guajava L. is a small medicinal tree that is native to South America. It is popularly known as guava (family Myrtaceae) and has been used traditionally as a medicinal plant throughout the world for a number of ailments. There are two most common varieties of guava the red (P. guajava var. pomifera) and the white (P. guajava var. pyrifera)All parts of this tree, including fruits, leaves, bark, and roots, have beenused for treating stomachache and diarrhea in many countries. Leaves, pulp and seeds are used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, and as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, as a cough sedative, anti-diarrheic, in the management of hypertension, obesity and in the prevail of diabetes mellitus. It also possesses anticancer properties . The seeds are used as antimicrobial, gastrointestinal, anti-allergic and anticarcinogenic activity.Brazil is among the worlds top producers of guava and most of the countrys production is destined for the food industry to produce candies, juices, jams and frozen pulp. As result of the fruit process there is a discard of the leaves, seeds, part of the peel and pulp compute not separated in the physical depulping process.The high cost of pharmaceutical medications conduces to the search for alternative medicines to treat many ailments. In view of this, studies are prerequisite to confirm the effects of medicinal plants. The aim of this review is to show that several studies have demonstrated the presence of many different chemical compounds in P. guajava and their pharmacological effects.Medical Properties and Composition of Guava PulpThe main constituents of guava are vitamins, tanins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, essential oils, sesquiterpene alcohols and triterpenoid acids. These and other compounds are related to many health effects of guava .Some authors have found high concentrations of carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin), vitamin C and polyphenols in guava pulp. Lycopene has been correlated with the legal profession of cardiovascular damage because of its positive effects on dyslipidemia . Ascorbic acid is recognized for its important antioxidant effects .Shu et al. isolated nine triterpenoids from guava fruit ursolic acid 1beta, 3beta-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 3beta,19alpha-dihydroxyurs-12en-28-oic acid 19a-hydroxylurs-12-en-28-oic aci d-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyrano- side 3beta, 23-dihydroxy urs-12-en-28-oic acid 3beta, 19alpha, 23beta- tri-hydroxylurs-12-en-28-oic acid 2alpha, 3beta,19alpha, 23beta-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid and 3alpha,19alpha,23,24-tetrahydroxyurs -12-en-28-oic acid. Ursolic acid and other triterpenoids are associated with anti-cancer properties.Shu et al. found three benzophenone glycosides in ripe edible fruits of P. guajava L 2, 6-dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-benzophenone 2, 6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-benzophenone and 2, 6-dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-benzophenone. Benzophenone glycosides have inhibitory effect on triglycerides accumulation.Thuaytong and Anprung found antioxidant activity in guava and the major constituents identified in white and red guavas were ascorbic acid, gallic acid, catechin equivalents, cinnamyl alcohol, ethyl benzoate, -caryophyllene, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate and -bisabolene. The antioxidant properties of the guava pulp can be related to anti-cancer effects.Studies with humans have found that the consumption of guava for a period of 12 weeks trim back blood pressure by 8%, total cholesterol levels by 9%, triacylglycerides by almost 8%, and induced an 8% increase in the levels of HDL-c.Farinazzi et al.showed that animals treated with guava pulp juice had significantly lower body w octad, glycemia, cholesterol and triglycerides levels and significantly augmented the levels of HDL-c when compared to the animals from the go out group.Lyophilized pulp of P. guajava in diabetic rats induces to significant hypoglycemic effects probably due to its antioxidant activity of compoundspresent in the pulp.Medical Properties and Composition of Guava LeavesGuava leaf extract has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. These effects are probably due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Jimnez-Escrig et al., Wang et a l. and Haida et. reported the presence of higher amounts of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity in the leaves of white (Psidium guajava var. pyrifera L.) and red guava (Psidium guajava var. pomifera L.) when compared with other vegetable species. Wu et al, Melo et al. and Chen et al found gallic acid, catechins, epicatechins, rutin, naringenin and kaempferol in the leaves.Studies have shown that gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin inhibit pancreatic cholesterol esterase, which decreases cholesterol levels. Catechins are important as a preventive treatment for diabetes type 2 and obesity. Quercetin has been associated to decreased mortality from heart disease and decreased incidence of stroke. Quercetin presents hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activity. Rutin is effective in the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes. Naringenin and kaempferol can promote moderate cytostatic activity against all cell lines and kaempferol can be useful as anticancer .Fu et al.elucidated the structure of three novel sesquiterpenoid- based meroterpenoids of psidials A-C found in guava leaves. Matsuzak et al.isolated two new benzophenone galloyl glycosides, guavinosides A and B, and a quercetin galloyl glycoside, guavinoside C as well as five known quercetin glycosides from guava leaves. The structures of the novel glycosides were elucidated to be 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone 4-O-(6-O-galloyl)-beta-D -glucopyranoside (1, guavinoside A) 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzophenone 4-O-(6-O-galloyl)-beta-D -glucopyranoside (2, guavinoside B), and quercetin 3-O-(5-O-galloyl)-alpha-L -arabinofuranoside (3, guavinoside C).Kim et al.related that the guava leaves contain ascorbic acid, citric acid,acetic acid, epicatechin, xanthine, protocatechuic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, malonic acid, trans-aconitic acid, maleic acid and cis-aconitic acid.Ghosh et al.isolated two terpenoids from the leaf extract of P. guajava (betulinic acid and lupeol) and reported th eir potential antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities. Betulinic acid and lupeol can be used in the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular desease, obesity and atherosclerosis.Shao et al. isolated two terpenoids from guava leaves Psiguadials A and B, two novel sesquiterpenoid-diphenylmethane meroterpenoids with unusual skeletons, along with a pair of known epimers, psidial A and guajadial.Shu et al.identified one diphenylmethane, one benzophenone, and eight flavonoids from guava fresh leaves(2,6-dihydroxy-3-formaldehyde-5-methyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl--D-glucopyranosyl)-diphenylmethane 2,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-4-O-(6-O-galloyl--D-glucopyranosyl)-benzophenone kaempferol quercetin quercitrin isoquercitrin guaijaverin avicularin hyperoside and reynoutrin. Guaijaverin has high potential antiplaque agent by inhibiting the growth of the Streptococcus mutans. Avicularin and guaijaverin work as urease inhibitors (against Helicobacter pylori urease).Shao et al. isolated four new triterpenoids, ps iguanins A-D (1-4), and with 13 known compounds from the leaves of guava. Guava aqueous leaf extract showed anti-trypanosomal properties in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Rahim et al.evaluated the effects of aqueous mixture and water soluble methanol extract from guava leaves and bark against multi-drug-resistant Vibrio cholera and found strong antibacterial activity. They concluded that this plant offers potential for controlling epidemics of cholera. Birdi et al. and Birdi et al. related that P. guajava leaves have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action (as antigiardial and antirotaviral activity) that could be effective in controlling diarrhea due to a wide range of pathogens. The antimicrobial activity can be linked to the presence of flavonoidsextracted from guava leaves.Deguchi and Miyazaki reported that guava leaves infusion not only reduced postprandial glycemia and improved hyperinsulinemia in murine models but also contributed to reduce hype rcholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoadiponectinemia in the animals of their study.Rutin and kaempferol found in guava leaves are compounds related to the decrease of HMG-CoA reductase activity in hepatic tissue and improve lipid pens. Akinmoladun et al. studied methanol extracts of some fruits, including P. guajava, and demonstrated that there is a good correlation between total phenolic contents and reductive potential and a fair correlation between total phenolic contents and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity.Several studies have shown that aqueous extract of Psidium guajava contains components with LDL-c antiglycation activity, suggesting its contribution to the prevention of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases Other studies have found cardioprotective effects of aqueous extract of P. guajava in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts, primarily through their radical-scavenging actions.Ojewole identified the presence of phenolic co mpounds in the leaves demonstrating their hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects on diabetic rats treated with aqueous leaf extract. Soman et al. reported a decline in the levels of glycated hemoglobin and fructosamines, as well as a significant reduction in the glycemic levels of diabetic rats treated with guava leaf extract. Singh and Marar studied the effects of Psidium guajava leaves on the inhibition of the activity intestinal glycosidases related with postprandial hyperglycemia, suggesting its use for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes.Other studies have demonstrated that guava leaf and peel extracts also had hypoglycemic effects on experimental models drug-induced to severe conditions of diabetes.Wu et al.found that the phenolic compounds, gallic acid, catechins andquercetins in guava leaves inhibited the glycation of proteins suggesting its use for the prevention of diabetes complications.The Psiguadials A, B and guajadial isolated by Shao et al. exhibited poten t inhibitory effects on the growth of human hepatoma cells. Kim et al. related that the guava leaves contain compounds that promote free radical scavenging activity showing promising antioxidant properties.Dutta and Das identified significant anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of guava leaves in experimental models, while Kawakami et al. observed the antiproliferative activity of the leaves through inhibition of the catalytic activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases involved in the inflammatory process. Guava budding leaves aqueous extract possesses an extremely high content of poly phenolic and isoflavonoids and suppresses the cell migration and the angiogenesis. In view of this, clinically it has the potential to be used as an adjuvant anti-cancer chemo preventive . Matsuzak et al. isolated phenolic glycosides from guava leaves and showed significant inhibitory activity against histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, and nitric oxide production f rom a murine macrophage-like cell line.Roy and Das studied the hepatoprotective activity of different extracts of P. guajava (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous) in acute experimental liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol. The effects were compared with a known hepatoprotective agent and observed that the best effects came from guava methanolic leaf extract that significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase) and bilirubin.P. guajava leaves exhibit high capacity to reduced polymerization and aggregation of sickle cell hemoglobin molecule. This molecule is a product of a defective genetic code of hemoglobin molecule and is attached to deoxygenation-induced polymerization and has low insolubility. The development of chemical modification agents that reduce the tendency of sickle cell hemoglobin molecule to aggregate represents an importantchemot herapeutic goal.Guava extract leaves can be responsible for membrane stabilizing effect on sickle erythrocytes that are susceptible to endogenous free radical-mediated oxidative damage. This effect can be attributed to the flavonoids, triterpenoids and host of other secondary plant metabolites .Chen et al. found that aqueous extract of guava budding leaves possess anti-prostate cancer activity in a cell line model and concluded they are promising anti-androgen-sensitive prostate cancer agent.Han et al. studied the effects of P. guajava ethyl acetate extract on atopic dermatitis and found that it inhibits chemokine expression in keratinocytes what suggests this extract can have possible therapeutic application in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin diseases. methyl alcohol extracts of the leaves can also be useful in the treatment of gastric ulcer disorders possibly due to the presence of volatile oil, flavonoids and saponinsMethanolic extract of guava leaves can exhibit wo und healing effects and this property can be explained by the presence of tannins and flavonoids.Guava leaves extract also can show anti cough effects as shown by Jaiarj et al.Medical Properties and Composition of Guava Discarded ProductsAs told before, the fruit process results in the discard of the leaves, seeds, part of the peel and pulp. Some studies showed the presence of total phenolic compounds in the agroindustrial wastes (seeds, skin and pulp) of guava, confirming its antioxidant activity .Leaves, seeds and peels of fruits have significant proportions of bioactive compounds with sound physiological and metabolic properties. Its antioxidants can control body weight and biochemical variables like glycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and other risks of cardiovascular diseases. The antioxidant properties of the guava seeds extracts can be associated to anti-cancer effects on both hematological and consentaneous neoplasmsand the antioxidant properties of the guava peel can be related to anti-cancer effects.Castro-Vargas et al.and Ojewole extracted and identified significant levels of carotenoids and total phenolic compounds from guava seeds. Seeds exhibit antimicrobial, gastrointestinal and anticarcinogenic activities probably due to the presence of phenolic glycosides in the composition.Farinazzi et al. showed that Wistar rats treated with guava seed had significantly lower glycemia, cholesterol and triglycerides levels and body weight. These animals significantly increased HDL-c levels.Rai et al. reported hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects in diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of lyophilized guava peel. Psidium guajava stem-bark extract can be used to treat malaria because it presents antiplasmodial activities possibly due to the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, seccoirridoids and terpenoids. link up studyMany researchers have been demonstrating the presence of a wide variety of bioactive compounds in the leaf, seed and bark of P sidium guajava that are capable of showing beneficial effects on human health. If we consider that chronic degenerative diseases have reached epidemic proportions in many countries and increase the socio-economic burden for the public health system, it is obligatory to find non-allopathic alternatives that minimize risk factors of these diseases and help in the treatment. Furthermore, population consumes medicinal plants also to treat other kind or diseases because of high costs of allopathic medications.The studies using P. guajava bring information that may provide validation for its medicinal uses but it should be researched more extensively in clinical trials so it could be used for prevention and as an adjuvant in the treatment of numerous disorders.Nevertheless we should emphasize the importance of experimental and clinicalstudies involving more specific factors related to the bioavailability of the compounds, as well as the effective and safe doses to be used by individuals for the prevention and treatment of various disorders.Katakataka( bryopphyllum pinnatum) Constituents Phytochemical screenings have yielded alkaloids, triterpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, butadienolides, lipids, and organic acids. Yields arachidic acid, astragalin, behenic acid, beta amyrin, benzenoids, bersaldegenin, beta-sitosterol, bryophollenone, bryophollone, bryophyllin,caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, steroids, and taraxerol. Phytochemical rating of leaf extract yielded bryophyllum A, B and C, a potent cytotoxic bufadienolide orthoacetate. Bufadienolide has been reported to be deadly with digitalis-toxicity type cardiac effects (slowing of heart rate, heart blocks and potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Bryophillin A, a bufadienolide compound, has shown anti-tumor promoting activity. Leaves yield malic acid.Fractionation of an EtOAc extract yielded seven kaempferol rhamnosides kaempferol 3-O--L-(2-acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O--L-(3-acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O--L-(4-acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O--D- glucopyranoside-7-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, afzelin, and -rhamnoisorobin. (19) Properties Leaves considered astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic, refrigerant, emollient, counterirritant, mucilaginous, vulnerary, depurative, anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, and tonic. Pharmacologic studies have showed pharmacologic properties immunomodulatory, CNS depressant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antianaphylactic, antileishmanial, antitumorous, antiulcer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, febrifuge, gastroprotective, immunosuppressive, insecticidal, sedative, muscle relaxant.Folkloric Leaves used as astringent, antiseptic, and counterirritant againstpoisonous insect bites. Pounded fresh material is applied as a poultice for a variety of conditions Sprains, eczema, infections, burns, carbuncle and erysipelas. Leaves, ma de pliable by hold over fire, are applied to wounds, bruises, boils also, used as poultice or power in bad ulcers. succus is mixed with lard and used for diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, and phthisis. Pounded leaves are applied as poultices to the soles of the feet to stop hemorrhages. Leaves are used as topicals in dislocation, ecchymoses, callosities. Leaves, pounded and mixed with salt, used as plaster and applied to stomach to relieve enuresis For boils, the whole leaf is pressed by hand, to and fro, until it becomes moist with the leaf extract. A small opening is made in the middle of the leaf which is then placed on the boil with hole over the pointing of the abscess. For asthma, leaves of leaves places in hot water for 15 minutes, then juice squeezed out of the leaves, and drunk. juice of leaves used in bilious diarrhea and lithiasis. In Ayurveda, useful in vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, cuts, wounds, hemorrhoids, menorrhagia, boils, sloughing ulcers, burns and sca lds, diarrhea, dysentery, headaches, vomiting, bronchitis. In Puerto Rico, leaf juice used as diuretic. Leaves are rubbed or tied on the head for headaches. Leaf decoction usually taken to lower blood pressure. Leaf juice used for earache and ophthalmia. In Sierre Leon, cough medicine is made from the roots. In Brazil leaves, heated over fire and mixed with oil, are used as emollient and refrigerant for facial swelling associated with neuralgia or tooth trouble. Also, used for asthma and bronchitis. In Jamaica, leaves used for coughs and colds. Sometimes, it is mixed with salt or honey, for headaches, colds, bronchial affections, and hypertension. Heated leaves used for swellings and abscesses. In Africa, used for earaches, eye problems, and as diuretic. In China used for rheumatoid arthritis, bruises, burns and ulcers. In Nigeria, plant is considered sedative, wound-healing, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and cough suppressant. Leaf juice used to treat boils and skin ulcers. Plan t used for intestinal parasites, bronchitis,pneumonia.Banana (Musa sapientum Linn.)The banana tree tree plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant. The main or upright stem is actually a pseudostem, growing from a corm, to a height of 6 to 7.6 meters. Leaves are spirally arranged, as long as 2.7 meters and 60 cm wide, fragile and easily torn by wind, with the familiar frond look. Each pseudostem produces a single sight of bananas the pseudostem dies after fruiting, as offshoots usually develop from the base of the plant. Each pseudostem produces a single inflorescence, the banana heart, containing many bracts between rows of flowers. The banana fruits develop from the heart, in a hanging cluster made up of tiers (hands), up to 20 fruit to a tier.DistributionCultivated throughout the Philippines in many varieties.Constituents Juice of the flower-stem contains potash, soda, lime, magnesia, alumina, chlorine, sulfuric anhydride, silica and carbon anhydride. High atomic number 19 content a medium banana contains about 450 mg of potassium. (Because of potassium homeostasis in the body, 40K ingested is balanced by 40K potassium excreted. The net dose of a banana is zero.) Preliminary phytochemical screening of fresh steam juice yielded vitamin B, oxalic acid, sulphate, vitamin C, starch, tannin, glycosides, phenolic compounds, gum mucilage. break down yielded 6 triterpenes 6 triterpenes cyclomusalenol, cyclomusalenone, 24-methylenecycloartanol, stigmast-7-methylenecycloartanol, stigmast-7-en-3-ol, lanosterol, and a-amyrin and eight flavonoids. Mineral content and nutritional value of varieties (lakatan, latundan, saba, and bungalan)Properties Demulcent, nutrient, cooling, astringent, antiscorbutic, antifebrile, restorative, emmenagogue, cardialgic, styptic. The ripe fruit is laxative, demiulcent, and nutrient. gullible fruit is cooling and astringent. Dried fruit considered antiscorbutic. Root is antibilious and alterative. Juice of the plant is stypt ic. Because of its high potassium content, bananas are naturally slightly radioactive, more than other fruits. Good sources of vitamin A, fair sources of vitamin B, and good sources of vitamin C. All are deficient in calcium and phosphorus, and only fair in iron. Studies have attributed biologic activities antiulcerogenic, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, antidiarrheic, antitumoral, antimutagenic, antihypertensive. Parts usedLeaves, fruit.UsesEdibility / Nutritional The puso (male inflorescence) of saba is extensively used as a vegetable. Unripe fruit is sugared and candied. Ripe fruits also used in making brandy, rum, and wine. Rich in vitamins A, B, and C a fair source of iron.Folkloric Young leaves used for cool grooming of inflamed and blistered surfaces and as cool application for headaches. Powdered roots used for anemia and cachexia. Mucilage prepared from seeds used for catarrhal and mild inflammatory forms of diarrhea. Juice of tender roots used as mucilage for checking hem orrhages from the genitalia and air passages. In China, juice of roots used as antifebrile and restorative. Juice of the trunk applied to scalp to increase hair growth and prevent hair from falling. In West Africa, used for diarrhea. In Gambia, sap of inflorescence used for earaches. In french Guiana, flowers used as emmenagogue. In the Gold Coast, sap from roots given as enema for diarrhea. In Cambodia, Java and Malaya, juice from trunk used for dysentery and diarrhea. Juice from flowers, mixed with curds, for dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. Flour made of green bananas used for dyspepsia with flatulence and acidity. Ripe fruit, mixed with half its weight in tamarinds and a little salt, is a valuable food in chronic dysentery and diarrhea, Cooked flower used for diabetes. Flowers also used as cardialgic. Sap of the flower used forearaches. In Western Ghat in India, leaves are used for bandaging cuts, blisters and ulcers. Ripe bananas combined with tamarind and common salt used for dy sentery. In traditional medicine in India, used for diabetes. In South-Western Nigeria, green fruits used for diabetes.Others Papermaking / Clothing Plant fibers used in the manufacture of paper and clothes. A related species, Musa textilis (Abaca, Manila hemp) is produced on a commercial scale for its fiber use in the manufacture of paper. Wrapping / Cooking Leaves used for wrapping food for cooking. Leaves used for polishing floors, lining pots for cooking rice.Studies hypoglycaemic / Flowers Study on the chloroform extract of M sapientum flowers showed hypoglycemic activity with significant reduction of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and improvement in glucose tolerance. Hypoglycemic/ Fruits Study on the green fruits of M paradisiaca indicate it possesses hypoglycemic activity and lends credence to its Nigerian folkloric use for diabetes. Antioxidant (1) Musa sapientum flower extract showed improved antioxidant activity in diabetics. (2) A study of extracts of M. sapi entum var. sylvesteris showed concentration-dependent scavenging effects, with antioxidant activity stronger than that of vitamin C. Gastroprotective Study on the unripe plantain extract of M sapientum and unripe pawpaw meal showed alteration of the gastric phospholipid profile and through a prostaglandin pathway may have a profound effect on the gastroduodenal mucosa and implications for gastric and duodenal ulcers in rabbits. Flowers / Antihyperglycemic / Antioxidant Study showed banana flower extract to have an antihyperglycemic action and antioxidant properties, comparatively more effective than glibenclamide. Analgesic Study of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum showed central analgesic action. tease healing Study of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Musa sapientum showed wound healing properties through increased wound breaking strength, reduced glutathione, decrease percentage of wound area, scar area and lipid peroxidation. Wound healing was probably th rough antioxidant effect and various biochemical parameters. Anti-UlcerActivity Study of dried powder of banana pulp showed anti-ulcerogenic activity, esp in the unripe, mature green plantain banana (var. paradisiaca). Banana Peels Phytochemicals Study showed the peel can be a good source of carbohydrates and fiber. The study of anti-nutrients showed generally low values except for saponins. Study suggests, properly processed and exploited, the peel could be a good source of livestock feed, providing a high quality and cheap source of carbohydrates and minerals. Antimicrobial Activity (1) Study of ethanolic extracts of unripe bananas, lemon grass and turmeric showed antimicrobial activity at stock concentrations. Unripe bananas showed a high antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. (2) Ethanol extract of Musa sapientum showed antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms Gram-positive and Gram-negative bateria (B. subtilis, B. cereus, and E coli.) Anti-Helico bacter pylori / Anti-Internalisation Activity In a study of 9 Thai plant extracts used for gastric ailments, Musa sapientum and Allium sativum showed marked anti-internalisation and present a potential benefit in H pylori , prevention eradication, therapy and avoidance of antibiotic resistance. Anticonvulsant Study in mice showed AMS prevented convulsions possibly through prevention of inhibition of vitamin B6 metabolism with subsequent increase in GABA synthesis in the CNS or due to facilitatory effect on GABAergic neurons an effect mediated by the antioxidant potential of phytoconstituents present in the AMS. Indigenous Antiulcer Activity / Leucocyanidin Study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract of M. sapientum. Study yielded an active compounda monomeric flavonoid, leucocyanidin, that showed anti-ulcerogenic activity, in congruous with standard drug esomeprazole. Antioxidant / Antibacterial /Hemagglutination Inhibition Study of methanolic extract o f leaves of M. sapientum var. Sylvesteris showed antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro. It also showed hemagglutination inhibition activities and hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis inhibition activity of human red blood cells. Antimicrobial / Cytotoxicity A methanolic extract of M. sapientum L subsp. sylvestris showed good antimicrobial activity the pulp, moderate activity with the peel, and insignificant activity with the seed. On cytotoxicity evaluation using Brine Shrimp Lethality, pulpseedpeel.